Free Euthanasia Essay - 580 Words

The word quot;euthanasiaquot; is Greek, which means quot;a good death.quot; The issue is far more complex than what a dictionarys explanation is. The issue of euthanasia is one of the most discussed topics in all of the United States Congress. US government agencies, legislators and leaders have attempted unsuccessfully to stop assisted suicide nationwide by barring the use of federally controlled substances at lethal levels intended for mercy killing. There are many issues surrounding the act of assisted suicide that are yet to be resolved in the United States. In the near future Congress should have a set law on this topic and that will end the confusion circulating around euthanasia. If legalized, how should such these†¦show more content†¦After a couple of months or years, then that is the time when the person can decide wither to end their life. Assisted suicide should be the very last resort. If someone wants to end their life by means of a doctor then they should be allowed to do it. US pathologist Dr. Jack Kevorkian, who by his own admission has assisted 130 people with their own suicides, has been the target of considerable media and government attention. Kevorkian is the leading quot;right to die† doctor in the US because of his work providing lethal medication to patients so that they may commit or pursue their own suicides. But the release of a videotape by Kevorkian in January, 1999, showing the physician injecting lethal medication into a patient in Michigan has changed the nature of the controversy from the right to die to medically assisted euthanasia. Kevorkian is charged with murder and faces trial next spring. Dr. Kevorkian is the first known US physician to carry out an act of mercy killing. In conclusion, I think that it is legal for someone to end their life only if they have a certain condition that is un-curable or if the person is suffering tremendously. A doctor who specializes in this area should be the only one to perform the practice. It should be illegal for non-professionals who carry out this act in their homes. For minors under eighteen years of age, the parents are the only one who can have the †Show MoreRelatedEssay on Active Euthanasia, Free Will and Autonomy1945 Words   |  8 PagesActive Euthanasia, Free Will and Autonomy Medicine in the hands of a fool has always been poison and death. -C. J. Jung Euthanasia, from the Greek, quite literally means the good death. Advocates of euthanasia, offer it as a solution for the emotional, psychological and physiologic suffering of terminally ill patients. The type of euthanasia, which is presently under debate, is called active euthanasia and is defined as an act performed by an individual to bring about the deathRead MoreA Brief Note On Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1656 Words   |  7 Pages Support the Right to Choose-Euthanasia Shawnna Meyer ENGL 111-02F Professor Heather Burford April 20, 2016 Situational Analysis: This essay is a formal academic manuscript that was written to provide personal bias about the topic of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide. More specifically the essay addresses the religious aspects of this topic and what role it plays in the conflict. I, the author, am applying to the nursing school at IVY Tech. The audience for this piece ofRead MoreThe Morality Of Euthanasia By James Rachels1086 Words   |  5 PagesID: 3339147 Active Euthanasia Does James Rachels in â€Å"The Morality of Euthanasia† successfully argue that in at least some cases active euthanasia is morally acceptable? Explain his view and respond to it. In this essay, we are going to analyze the main ideas included in â€Å"The Morality of Euthanasia† by James Rachels to provide a response to the following question: Does James Rachels in â€Å"The Morality of Euthanasia† successfully argue that in at least some cases active euthanasia is morally acceptableRead MoreDo You Think That the Right to Life Entails a Right to Die Under Certain Circumstances? Should the Law Be Changed to Grant a Universal Right to Voluntary Euthanasia?1000 Words   |  4 Pagesanswer these two questions in this essay. They are â€Å"Do you think that the right to life entails a right to die under certain circumstances?† and â€Å"Should the laws be changed to grant a universal right to voluntary euthanasia?†. In this essay, I am going to give reasons using ethical theories to justify these questions. Euthanasia Euthanasia is the act of a physician or other third party ending a patients life in response to severe pain and suffering. Euthanasia can be classified into three typesRead MoreDo You Think That the Right to Life Entails a Right to Die Under Certain Circumstances? Should the Law Be Changed to Grant a Universal Right to Voluntary Euthanasia?1008 Words   |  5 Pagesanswer these two questions in this essay. They are â€Å"Do you think that the right to life entails a right to die under certain circumstances?† and â€Å"Should the laws be changed to grant a universal right to voluntary euthanasia?†. In this essay, I am going to give reasons using ethical theories to justify these questions. Euthanasia Euthanasia is the act of a physician or other third party ending a patients life in response to severe pain and suffering. Euthanasia can be classified into three typesRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Euthanasia1427 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia: The main purpose of this essay is to focus on the controversy surrounding the issue of euthanasia and analyse the pros and cons arguments regarding euthanasia. This essay will aim to analyse in further details the complexity of the matter regarding euthanasia and will argue the pros and cons of euthanasia and will also debate the major impact that legalising euthanasia might have on the society, on the medical industry andRead MoreBeliefs of Different Religions About Euthanasia1569 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Religions About Euthanasia For this essay I have decided to study the two religions Christianity and Buddhism. Buddhism has no major denominations, unlike Christianity, which has many denominations around the globe. However, I am only going to focus on Christianity as a whole, quoting teachings from the Bible (Old and New Testament), and then referring to the two major denominations of Anglican and Roman Catholic when their points on euthanasia are absolute. I haveRead MorePersuasive Essay Pro Euthanasia954 Words   |  4 PagesGrace (JiEun) Lee AP Language and composition Persuasive essay 6 October 2017 Euthanasia legalization The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. Aristotle Being one of the most fervid and controversial topic of all, euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, has initiated a very sensitive discussion on life and death under one’s ability to choose either side. Euthanasia is defined as a â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permittingRead MoreEuthanasia Essay - Pro Euthanasia Argumentative Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesImani Henry Mr. Dowie Honors English 9 1/13/17 Pro Euthanasia Argumentative Essay Euthanasia is the act of intentionally killing someone to end suffering, with and without their consent. This practice has been around since the beginning of time and has been practiced by different cultures all over the world. In the United States currently, only 5 states allow the option of euthanasia. All states throughout the USA should allow the act of euthanasia. Considering it is within the 1st amendment due toRead MoreChristian Teaching and Discussion About Euthanasia Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesChristian Teaching and Discussion About Euthanasia The word euthanasia comes from two Greek words eu meaning good and thanatos meaning death. Literally it means a good death. Euthanasia is arranging for someone who has an incurable terminal illness to die as quickly and as painlessly as possible. It is the act of purposely aiding someone to die, instead of letting nature take its course. There are four main types of euthanasia these are: Voluntary, Involuntary

The Nature of Man as Political Animal Essay - 1723 Words

Not everyone will agree with Aristotles political theory, but it is essential to understand the principals that underline the new political theories. Aristotles politics is one of the most influential books of political philosophy. His main ideology consists in that a man is by nature a political animal because he can reason and communicate with others, therefore, has the potential to alter or change his living conditions for better because he can recognize the difference from right or wrong. Aristotle is proposing that a man with reason has to base his approach towards politics on the fundamental concept of good for human beings. However, based on the evaluation of modern politics, we can conclude that the idea of politics aiming at†¦show more content†¦Aristotle proposes that the city naturally results from the physical necessity, as the natural completion of small partnership of household and village. Aristotle points out in his ethics that man is naturally social so the refore he is naturally political. Humans have speech, which can be used to communicate their ideas about what is right or wrong as well as just and unjust. If the nature of man is not revealed then the man itself is an animal without any potential. Speech serves man as a weapon to protect himself from what is just or unjust. A man naturally belongs to the city because that is where he can exercise his sociability and can debate with others upon his virtue. Virtues are habits of the soul by which one acts well. Virtuous actions express correct, high reasoning, which are acquired through practice and habituation. The city is prior to the individual because the individual apart from the city is not self-sufficient and therefore he has to be something else rather than a human being. A man has potential to do good, but if he is not capable to use his virtue and is without any boundaries, he can be worse than any animal. In Aristotles point of view the city is self-sufficient because it contains all the necessities for humans to lead a good life. The city provides humans with partnership with others, which plays a big role in the sake of basic survival, but it exists for the well being of human kind. According to Aristotle if a personShow MoreRelatedCompare Aristotle’s Claim That Man Is a ‘Political Animal’ with Hobbe’s Claim That the State of Nature Is a State of War.1973 Words   |  8 PagesCompare Aristotle’s Claim that Man is a ‘Political Animal’ with Hobbe’s Claim that the State of Nature is a State of War. Noah Park Ever since the existence of a civilization, the fundamental question of how and why; to identify and explain the human’s nature and how man is ought to live, has been the key element in philosophical world. Many philosophers provided and made public of how they viewed this world as, and the human in it, and experimented themselves with their approaches, howeverRead MoreMan As A Political Animal1293 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper, I would argue that by describing man as a political animal, Aristotle means human beings by nature are designed to live together in a community such as state(polis) for a common purpose and activity. I will first of all examine the original phrase â€Å"zoÃ… n politikon†, which is conventionally translated from old greek as a â€Å"political animal†. Having established what these words have meant at the time of writing, it would be most appropriate to see how Aristotle himself tries to explainRead MoreThe State Is The Pinnacle Of Civilization1600 Words   |  7 Pagesis one of many afforded to citizens of the state. There are many elements that make up the state laws being one of the many facets. Many would argue that the state is the pinnacle of civilization. How the state started has been debated by many political theorists more specifically Aristotle and Thomas Hobbes. At least one thousand years separates these two thinkers, but both have postulated the formation of the state and its contribution to different entities one being the relationship betweenRead MoreAristotle s View Of Politics Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to understand what Aristotle means when he says man is a Zoon politikon it is essential to understand the concept and reasoning behind his writings of The politics as a whole. This essay intends to discuss Aristotle s view of politics through the way in which he layers the fundamental concept of hierarchy of humans and natural societies to show that man by nature works f or the common good. I will also discuss the conflicting views between the works of both Aristotle and Hobbes inRead MoreAristotle And Hobbes : A Comparison Of Human Nature1641 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle and Hobbes: A Comparison of Human Nature Theory Aristotle and Hobbes present two fundamentally distinct doctrines about the conception of politics, human affairs, and the nature of man. Specifically, both philosophers express vying interpretations of human nature. Even though Aristotle and Hobbes similarly use their understanding of human nature to conceptualize their politics, they both express differing views about the aims for which they believe human beings act and exist. In a ratherRead MoreSociological Theories Of Global Climate Change1611 Words   |  7 Pagesand multifaceted relationship between human beings and their natural environments, including the question: why do social systems tend to exceed their ecological carrying capacities (Nagel et. al., 2010)? Despite its foundational focus on the human-nature nexus, environmental sociologists have only recently turned their research attention to global climate change. There is, however, a great deal that sociologists in general, and environmental sociologists specifically, have learned that contributesRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Jacques Rousseau s Perfect Freedom Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesinvalidated. The problem with Rousseau’s assertion is that dependence vis-a-vis the family is not compatible with the true nature of human beings. Dependence on a person or persons (i.e. the family unit), or in the domain of a system of government, whether physical or emotional, runs contrary to the suggestion of Thomas Hobbes that perfect freedom is an intrinsic condition of human nature. The only true natural association is the family; its characteristics are primarily widespread beyond the primitiveRead MoreThe State Of Nature Is An Important And Relevant Philosophical Idea1238 Words   |  5 PagesErich Harkema Prof. Wolfe 10/1/14 Intro: The state of nature is an important and relevant philosophical idea that has been discussed and debated for a long time. The reason it is such a key topic in philosophy is it delves into the reasoning behind why man had to create political society. In order to properly understand the philosophy of the state of nature it is important to look at conflicting viewpoints about it in order to understand it with less bias. Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques RosseauRead MoreEstrangement: Political Philosophy and Good Life Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesBlake Lewis Professor Eskandari Political Science 132 December 5, 2005 Unessentially Estranged Chapter two of Glenn Tinders, Political Thinking: The Perennial Questions on estrangement and unity asks us whether we as humans are estranged in essence. This question really sets the tone for the rest of the book, because if humans are estranged then we would not be living together in societies, therefore not needing political science to answer such questions that deal with societies. As TinderRead MorePower Corruption. It Is A Never A Leader’S Ideal Is To1081 Words   |  5 Pageswho govern separate themselves from whom they govern. In the novel Animal Farm, by George Orwell, George uses an allegorical reference between the animals in the story to symbolize actual humans. In Animal Farm the animals overthrow their human leaders in order to set up a life style where all animals are equal. In their act the very human cruel ideals and practices they revolted against ended up being the same they re-imposed. Animal Farm is an important work of fiction because of its extreme use of

The AIDS Epidemic Free Essays

Ever since the initial description of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1(HIV-1) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2(HIV-2) in the early 1980s, these two viruses have been repeatedly confirmed to be the causative agents behind Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 is the most predominant cause of AIDS in the world today and developing countries in Asia, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa bear the brunt of the AIDS epidemic (Hoffman et al 2007).   AIDS is a condition that is caused by immune system deficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on The AIDS Epidemic or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a syndrome since it encompasses a pattern characterized by different symptoms presenting with varied manifestations. As an acquired condition or disease, infection is transmitted from person to person via specific transmission routes. These modes of transmission sets it apart from the numerous immune system diseases which are mainly genetic related or caused by anti-cancer as well as immune suppressing therapies. The first instances of AIDS infection can be traced to between 1979-1980 where HIV infections presented as a new disease that had never existed in medical practice or terminology (Chandramouli Hubley 1995). AIDS among African Americans In 1981, Los Angeles doctors noticed a new disease. They were baffled that young men who were apparently healthy began developing pneumonia like disease caused by a microorganism that had never been detected before. It was strange because it was known that pneumocystis only caused disease among those with a compromised immune system. In New York, doctors began recording a new disease among young men. They identified the disease as being Kaposi’s sarcoma because it damaged the immune system. One strange fact was that all the men infected were homosexuals, many of whom had contracted other sexually transmission infections like syphilis and gonorrhea. They reached a conclusion that the new disease must also be sexually transmitted (Chandramouli Hubley 1995). The same symptoms were also found to be prevalent among the intravenous drug users and hemophiliacs. Since many of the drug users shared needles, researchers concluded that the disease was also transmitted through body fluids like blood. Since AIDS was mainly concentrated among gays and drug users who were mainly blacks a misconception arose due to the inherent discrimination and the disease was not tackled as it should have been. The result was a rapid spread of AIDS among the black community. The underlying socioeconomic and political factors helped to further fuel the AIDS epidemic among African Americans. Currently, African Americans are still disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. While blacks constitute only 13% of the entire US populace, 49% of AIDS cases are found among blacks. It has also been established that AIDS is the leading cause of mortality among Black women in the age bracket 24-34. Among men in the age group 33-44, AIDS is the second leading cause of death (http://www.hhs.gov/). Among African Americans, statistics show that more than 36% of all AIDS cases are attributable to homosexual/bisexual activity and approximately 38% are attributable to intravenous drug injections. Infections due to heterosexual contact account for approximately 12% of infections. This puts black Americans at a much higher risk of contracting HIV/AIDS, mainly due to same-sex sexual behavior, than other racial categories like Hispanics and Whites. The magnitude of the AIDS scourge among Black Americans is also due to a history of discrimination and neglect in instituting measures aimed at promoting a deviance from bisexual activity and other measures of prevention among the black community. The misperception that AIDS was only concentrated among blacks buttressed with the risk factors has served to worsen the AIDS scenario to this day (Levine et al 1997). The Origin of AIDS Ever since the AIDS epidemic became a reality, several theories and evidences have been put forward to try and explain the origins of the AIDS epidemic. Just like any controversy, various fronts of argument have made it almost impossible to clearly confirm the exact origin of the virus. However, there is evidence that the retrovirus incriminated in causing AIDS has been in the environment even before AIDS as a disease became its worldwide spread. The current debates on the origins of the AIDS epidemic is not limited to the biological factors but has also been complicated by various political, social and economic theories that not only attempt to provide an explanation on the nature of the spread; as in among African Americans, but also provide scientific evidence to the extent that the virus was a product of genetic engineering. Initially, as the virus spread among the African American community, the disease and its etiologic agent remained largely unknown to the medical community. It has also not been resolved whether the virus originated from American soil or from African soil. The first pandemic is believed to have its origin in America but the second epidemic causes by the HIV-2 have its center in West Africa. At the same time it is also believed that HIV-1 began to spread via three distinct routes; two routes have been traced to North America, while third route has been traced to Central Africa. It is uncertain whether the American and the African routes possess any relation whatsoever. The origin of the AIDS virus is attributed to an assertion made at a Congressional Hearing in 1969. It was predicted that the US military was in the process of developing a super germ for its use in the biowarfare program. The development of the new germ was to be made possible by the advancement in genetic engineering. The super germ would also have the capacity to wipe out massive human populations. Its mode of transmission would make ineffective any human intervention ton prevent its spread. The Department of Defense spokesperson is on record for having said that, â€Å"Within the next five to ten years, it would be possible to produce a new infective microorganism which could differ in certain important respects from any known disease causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease†(Testimony given before the Sub-Committee of the House Committee on Appropriations, Department of Defense Appropriations for 1970, Washington, 1969) (Cantwell 1992, p 137). This initial assertion was later on buttressed by J. Clemmesen; a Copenhagen epidemiologist in 1973 when lecturing cancer researchers. He presented a visualization of a situation in which a virus could naturally or be scientifically being induced to mutate to produce a very contagious variant capable of causing an epidemic and thwarting any chances of vaccination. A decade after the Congressional hearing, the predictions seemed to have become a reality with the coming of the AIDS epidemic spreading throughout the world despite interventions to prevent its spread. By 1985, four years after the first case of AIDS had been reported by doctors in excess of 130 countries had confirmed AIDS within their borders. This position of the origin conclusively shows that AIDS originated from the military laboratories (Cantwell 1992). How to cite The AIDS Epidemic, Papers

Australasian Legal Information Institute

Question: Discuss about the Australasian Legal Information Institute. Answer: Introduction When a person travels to any country, visa is an essential requirement. To attain a visa, a range of legalities have to be followed and various criteria have to be fulfilled. In the following parts, various aspects of Australias Visa System have been discussed in different scenarios. A specific emphasis has been laid towards the Family Visas available in Australia. Section 4AA of the Family Law Act, 1975 contains the definition of de facto relationships. As per this section, states that an individual is considered to be in a de facto relationship with other being, when the both these people are not married legally and are also not related as a family. This section also states that in order to be in the purview of de facto relationship, the couple has to be living together on a genuine domestic basis. Certain criteria have been laid down to establish if de facto relationship was present between a couple. This includes the duration of the relationship; nature and extent of shared dwelling; existence of sexual relationship; extent of financial interdependence or reliance and provisions of financial support; the reputation and public aspects of relationship, amongst other things. To clarify the duration of a relationship, a reference has to be made to section 90SB of this act. This section relates to settlement of property in cases of de facto relationship. The criteria stated in this section states that the relationship must have existed for a period of minimum two years. On the basis of application of various sections of Family Law Act, 1975, it can be held that Emma was not a de facto partner of Jason. Even though they were living together for six months in a common apartment, they could not be held as de factor partners as per section 90SB of the act. Jason can apply for a visa under Family Visa Subclass of Prospective Marriage (300). He can than sponsor Emma as per Schedule 2 of the Migration Regulations. There are two main categories under family visa, which are applicable for gaining visa for parents and these include Contributory Parent visa and Contributory Aged Parent visa. To avail these two categories of visa, the sponsor has to meet certain eligibility criteria. The applicant of such visa must have a child who is either an Australian citizen or a permanent Australian resident or an eligible New Zealand citizen. Contributory Parent visa are available to parents of an Australian citizen who reside in countries other than Australia. The age of the parent is not a criterion in this category of visa. Two types of Contributory Parent visa are provided to an applicant. These are Contributory Parent (Temporary) (173) visa, and Contributory Parent (Migrant) (143) visa. For an Australian resident, the other option for family visa is to apply for Contributory Aged Parent visa for his or her parents. These further have two categories, viz., Contributory Aged Parent (Temporary) (884) visa, and Contributory Aged Parent (Residence) (864) visa. To avail the Contributory Aged Parent, an applicant has to meet a crucial eligibility requirement of age. Men, who are above the age of 65 years, can apply for a Contributory Aged Parent visa (864). From January 1, 2014 onwards, the age for women who can apply for a Contributory Aged Parent (864) has been set as 65 years. So, a parent applicant for a visa under this category has to be of the age of 65 years. On the basis of above factors, it is recommended to Emma to apply for the Contributory Parent (Migrant) (143) visa. Since Emma is a permanent resident of Australia, she can sponsor her parents for a family visa. A contributory parent visa under category 143 would enable Emmas parents to reside in Australia on a permanent basis. Such sponsorship of her parents has to be for the first two years. Being Emmas husband, even Jason can sponsor the application of Emmas parents for a contributory parent visa. A close relative can be sponsored by a resident of Australia and where all the relatives of such a resident are in Australia except that close relative. The Migration Regulations define the remaining relative in R1.15 as a person whose parents, siblings and non dependent children are settled in Australia. Also, if such a person has a partner then the partners parents, siblings and non dependent children are also settled in Australia. Such family visa is provided in two classes, 115 and 835. Close relative is usually over the age of 18 years but in some circumstances, it can be taken as under 18 years. Michelle is Emmas sibling and her husband is dead. She had a 5 year old son in France and other than that she has no relative there. Emma is a citizen of Australia and her parents are in Australia. This qualifies Michelle to apply for a remaining relative visa for Australia. Also, since Michelles son is dependent on her, she can apply for a visa for her son also. The category for her son would remain the same. For Michelle, Emma has to sponsor her application for a family visa under the category of Remaining Relative visa (Subclass 115) offshore. Since Michelle is a native of France and not Australia, the visa under this subsection is applicable for her. Emma would also have to provide such sponsorship for Michelle for a time period of two years. Emma, being a permanent resident of Australian is eligible to sponsor Michelle for a family visa under sub clause 115. And again, since Jason is Emmas husband, even he can sponsor the application of Michelle, as she is his partners sibling, for a contributory parent visa. References Australasian Legal Information Institute, Commonwealth Consolidated Regulations: Migration Regulations 1994- Reg 1.15, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/mr1994227/s1.15.html Australasian Legal Information Institute, Commonwealth Consolidated Regulations: Family Law Act 1975 - Sect 4AA, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/s4aa.html Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Reaming Relative visa: subclass 115, Australian Government, 2016 https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/115- John Vrachnas et al, Migration and Refugee Law in Australia: Principles and Practice in Australia (Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed, 2012) Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Two year time requirement- property disputes, Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2016 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch21s05s03.php Mary Crock, Immigration and refugee law in Australia (Federation Press, 1998) Migration Angels, 143 Contributory Parent (Permanent) Visa, Migration Angels, 2016 https://www.migrationangels.com/au/family/contributory-parent-visa-permanent/ Mirko Bagaric et al, Migration and Refugee Law in Australia: Cases and Commentary (Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Australasian Legal Information Institute

Question: Discuss about the Australasian Legal Information Institute. Answer: Introduction When a person travels to any country, visa is an essential requirement. To attain a visa, a range of legalities have to be followed and various criteria have to be fulfilled. In the following parts, various aspects of Australias Visa System have been discussed in different scenarios. A specific emphasis has been laid towards the Family Visas available in Australia. Section 4AA of the Family Law Act, 1975 contains the definition of de facto relationships. As per this section, states that an individual is considered to be in a de facto relationship with other being, when the both these people are not married legally and are also not related as a family. This section also states that in order to be in the purview of de facto relationship, the couple has to be living together on a genuine domestic basis. Certain criteria have been laid down to establish if de facto relationship was present between a couple. This includes the duration of the relationship; nature and extent of shared dwelling; existence of sexual relationship; extent of financial interdependence or reliance and provisions of financial support; the reputation and public aspects of relationship, amongst other things. To clarify the duration of a relationship, a reference has to be made to section 90SB of this act. This section relates to settlement of property in cases of de facto relationship. The criteria stated in this section states that the relationship must have existed for a period of minimum two years. On the basis of application of various sections of Family Law Act, 1975, it can be held that Emma was not a de facto partner of Jason. Even though they were living together for six months in a common apartment, they could not be held as de factor partners as per section 90SB of the act. Jason can apply for a visa under Family Visa Subclass of Prospective Marriage (300). He can than sponsor Emma as per Schedule 2 of the Migration Regulations. There are two main categories under family visa, which are applicable for gaining visa for parents and these include Contributory Parent visa and Contributory Aged Parent visa. To avail these two categories of visa, the sponsor has to meet certain eligibility criteria. The applicant of such visa must have a child who is either an Australian citizen or a permanent Australian resident or an eligible New Zealand citizen. Contributory Parent visa are available to parents of an Australian citizen who reside in countries other than Australia. The age of the parent is not a criterion in this category of visa. Two types of Contributory Parent visa are provided to an applicant. These are Contributory Parent (Temporary) (173) visa, and Contributory Parent (Migrant) (143) visa. For an Australian resident, the other option for family visa is to apply for Contributory Aged Parent visa for his or her parents. These further have two categories, viz., Contributory Aged Parent (Temporary) (884) visa, and Contributory Aged Parent (Residence) (864) visa. To avail the Contributory Aged Parent, an applicant has to meet a crucial eligibility requirement of age. Men, who are above the age of 65 years, can apply for a Contributory Aged Parent visa (864). From January 1, 2014 onwards, the age for women who can apply for a Contributory Aged Parent (864) has been set as 65 years. So, a parent applicant for a visa under this category has to be of the age of 65 years. On the basis of above factors, it is recommended to Emma to apply for the Contributory Parent (Migrant) (143) visa. Since Emma is a permanent resident of Australia, she can sponsor her parents for a family visa. A contributory parent visa under category 143 would enable Emmas parents to reside in Australia on a permanent basis. Such sponsorship of her parents has to be for the first two years. Being Emmas husband, even Jason can sponsor the application of Emmas parents for a contributory parent visa. A close relative can be sponsored by a resident of Australia and where all the relatives of such a resident are in Australia except that close relative. The Migration Regulations define the remaining relative in R1.15 as a person whose parents, siblings and non dependent children are settled in Australia. Also, if such a person has a partner then the partners parents, siblings and non dependent children are also settled in Australia. Such family visa is provided in two classes, 115 and 835. Close relative is usually over the age of 18 years but in some circumstances, it can be taken as under 18 years. Michelle is Emmas sibling and her husband is dead. She had a 5 year old son in France and other than that she has no relative there. Emma is a citizen of Australia and her parents are in Australia. This qualifies Michelle to apply for a remaining relative visa for Australia. Also, since Michelles son is dependent on her, she can apply for a visa for her son also. The category for her son would remain the same. For Michelle, Emma has to sponsor her application for a family visa under the category of Remaining Relative visa (Subclass 115) offshore. Since Michelle is a native of France and not Australia, the visa under this subsection is applicable for her. Emma would also have to provide such sponsorship for Michelle for a time period of two years. Emma, being a permanent resident of Australian is eligible to sponsor Michelle for a family visa under sub clause 115. And again, since Jason is Emmas husband, even he can sponsor the application of Michelle, as she is his partners sibling, for a contributory parent visa. References Australasian Legal Information Institute, Commonwealth Consolidated Regulations: Migration Regulations 1994- Reg 1.15, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/mr1994227/s1.15.html Australasian Legal Information Institute, Commonwealth Consolidated Regulations: Family Law Act 1975 - Sect 4AA, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/s4aa.html Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Reaming Relative visa: subclass 115, Australian Government, 2016 https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/115- John Vrachnas et al, Migration and Refugee Law in Australia: Principles and Practice in Australia (Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed, 2012) Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Two year time requirement- property disputes, Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2016 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch21s05s03.php Mary Crock, Immigration and refugee law in Australia (Federation Press, 1998) Migration Angels, 143 Contributory Parent (Permanent) Visa, Migration Angels, 2016 https://www.migrationangels.com/au/family/contributory-parent-visa-permanent/ Mirko Bagaric et al, Migration and Refugee Law in Australia: Cases and Commentary (Cambridge University Press, 2007.