Australasian Legal Information Institute

Question: Discuss about the Australasian Legal Information Institute. Answer: Introduction When a person travels to any country, visa is an essential requirement. To attain a visa, a range of legalities have to be followed and various criteria have to be fulfilled. In the following parts, various aspects of Australias Visa System have been discussed in different scenarios. A specific emphasis has been laid towards the Family Visas available in Australia. Section 4AA of the Family Law Act, 1975 contains the definition of de facto relationships. As per this section, states that an individual is considered to be in a de facto relationship with other being, when the both these people are not married legally and are also not related as a family. This section also states that in order to be in the purview of de facto relationship, the couple has to be living together on a genuine domestic basis. Certain criteria have been laid down to establish if de facto relationship was present between a couple. This includes the duration of the relationship; nature and extent of shared dwelling; existence of sexual relationship; extent of financial interdependence or reliance and provisions of financial support; the reputation and public aspects of relationship, amongst other things. To clarify the duration of a relationship, a reference has to be made to section 90SB of this act. This section relates to settlement of property in cases of de facto relationship. The criteria stated in this section states that the relationship must have existed for a period of minimum two years. On the basis of application of various sections of Family Law Act, 1975, it can be held that Emma was not a de facto partner of Jason. Even though they were living together for six months in a common apartment, they could not be held as de factor partners as per section 90SB of the act. Jason can apply for a visa under Family Visa Subclass of Prospective Marriage (300). He can than sponsor Emma as per Schedule 2 of the Migration Regulations. There are two main categories under family visa, which are applicable for gaining visa for parents and these include Contributory Parent visa and Contributory Aged Parent visa. To avail these two categories of visa, the sponsor has to meet certain eligibility criteria. The applicant of such visa must have a child who is either an Australian citizen or a permanent Australian resident or an eligible New Zealand citizen. Contributory Parent visa are available to parents of an Australian citizen who reside in countries other than Australia. The age of the parent is not a criterion in this category of visa. Two types of Contributory Parent visa are provided to an applicant. These are Contributory Parent (Temporary) (173) visa, and Contributory Parent (Migrant) (143) visa. For an Australian resident, the other option for family visa is to apply for Contributory Aged Parent visa for his or her parents. These further have two categories, viz., Contributory Aged Parent (Temporary) (884) visa, and Contributory Aged Parent (Residence) (864) visa. To avail the Contributory Aged Parent, an applicant has to meet a crucial eligibility requirement of age. Men, who are above the age of 65 years, can apply for a Contributory Aged Parent visa (864). From January 1, 2014 onwards, the age for women who can apply for a Contributory Aged Parent (864) has been set as 65 years. So, a parent applicant for a visa under this category has to be of the age of 65 years. On the basis of above factors, it is recommended to Emma to apply for the Contributory Parent (Migrant) (143) visa. Since Emma is a permanent resident of Australia, she can sponsor her parents for a family visa. A contributory parent visa under category 143 would enable Emmas parents to reside in Australia on a permanent basis. Such sponsorship of her parents has to be for the first two years. Being Emmas husband, even Jason can sponsor the application of Emmas parents for a contributory parent visa. A close relative can be sponsored by a resident of Australia and where all the relatives of such a resident are in Australia except that close relative. The Migration Regulations define the remaining relative in R1.15 as a person whose parents, siblings and non dependent children are settled in Australia. Also, if such a person has a partner then the partners parents, siblings and non dependent children are also settled in Australia. Such family visa is provided in two classes, 115 and 835. Close relative is usually over the age of 18 years but in some circumstances, it can be taken as under 18 years. Michelle is Emmas sibling and her husband is dead. She had a 5 year old son in France and other than that she has no relative there. Emma is a citizen of Australia and her parents are in Australia. This qualifies Michelle to apply for a remaining relative visa for Australia. Also, since Michelles son is dependent on her, she can apply for a visa for her son also. The category for her son would remain the same. For Michelle, Emma has to sponsor her application for a family visa under the category of Remaining Relative visa (Subclass 115) offshore. Since Michelle is a native of France and not Australia, the visa under this subsection is applicable for her. Emma would also have to provide such sponsorship for Michelle for a time period of two years. Emma, being a permanent resident of Australian is eligible to sponsor Michelle for a family visa under sub clause 115. And again, since Jason is Emmas husband, even he can sponsor the application of Michelle, as she is his partners sibling, for a contributory parent visa. References Australasian Legal Information Institute, Commonwealth Consolidated Regulations: Migration Regulations 1994- Reg 1.15, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/mr1994227/s1.15.html Australasian Legal Information Institute, Commonwealth Consolidated Regulations: Family Law Act 1975 - Sect 4AA, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/s4aa.html Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Reaming Relative visa: subclass 115, Australian Government, 2016 https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/115- John Vrachnas et al, Migration and Refugee Law in Australia: Principles and Practice in Australia (Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed, 2012) Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Two year time requirement- property disputes, Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2016 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch21s05s03.php Mary Crock, Immigration and refugee law in Australia (Federation Press, 1998) Migration Angels, 143 Contributory Parent (Permanent) Visa, Migration Angels, 2016 https://www.migrationangels.com/au/family/contributory-parent-visa-permanent/ Mirko Bagaric et al, Migration and Refugee Law in Australia: Cases and Commentary (Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Australasian Legal Information Institute

Question: Discuss about the Australasian Legal Information Institute. Answer: Introduction When a person travels to any country, visa is an essential requirement. To attain a visa, a range of legalities have to be followed and various criteria have to be fulfilled. In the following parts, various aspects of Australias Visa System have been discussed in different scenarios. A specific emphasis has been laid towards the Family Visas available in Australia. Section 4AA of the Family Law Act, 1975 contains the definition of de facto relationships. As per this section, states that an individual is considered to be in a de facto relationship with other being, when the both these people are not married legally and are also not related as a family. This section also states that in order to be in the purview of de facto relationship, the couple has to be living together on a genuine domestic basis. Certain criteria have been laid down to establish if de facto relationship was present between a couple. This includes the duration of the relationship; nature and extent of shared dwelling; existence of sexual relationship; extent of financial interdependence or reliance and provisions of financial support; the reputation and public aspects of relationship, amongst other things. To clarify the duration of a relationship, a reference has to be made to section 90SB of this act. This section relates to settlement of property in cases of de facto relationship. The criteria stated in this section states that the relationship must have existed for a period of minimum two years. On the basis of application of various sections of Family Law Act, 1975, it can be held that Emma was not a de facto partner of Jason. Even though they were living together for six months in a common apartment, they could not be held as de factor partners as per section 90SB of the act. Jason can apply for a visa under Family Visa Subclass of Prospective Marriage (300). He can than sponsor Emma as per Schedule 2 of the Migration Regulations. There are two main categories under family visa, which are applicable for gaining visa for parents and these include Contributory Parent visa and Contributory Aged Parent visa. To avail these two categories of visa, the sponsor has to meet certain eligibility criteria. The applicant of such visa must have a child who is either an Australian citizen or a permanent Australian resident or an eligible New Zealand citizen. Contributory Parent visa are available to parents of an Australian citizen who reside in countries other than Australia. The age of the parent is not a criterion in this category of visa. Two types of Contributory Parent visa are provided to an applicant. These are Contributory Parent (Temporary) (173) visa, and Contributory Parent (Migrant) (143) visa. For an Australian resident, the other option for family visa is to apply for Contributory Aged Parent visa for his or her parents. These further have two categories, viz., Contributory Aged Parent (Temporary) (884) visa, and Contributory Aged Parent (Residence) (864) visa. To avail the Contributory Aged Parent, an applicant has to meet a crucial eligibility requirement of age. Men, who are above the age of 65 years, can apply for a Contributory Aged Parent visa (864). From January 1, 2014 onwards, the age for women who can apply for a Contributory Aged Parent (864) has been set as 65 years. So, a parent applicant for a visa under this category has to be of the age of 65 years. On the basis of above factors, it is recommended to Emma to apply for the Contributory Parent (Migrant) (143) visa. Since Emma is a permanent resident of Australia, she can sponsor her parents for a family visa. A contributory parent visa under category 143 would enable Emmas parents to reside in Australia on a permanent basis. Such sponsorship of her parents has to be for the first two years. Being Emmas husband, even Jason can sponsor the application of Emmas parents for a contributory parent visa. A close relative can be sponsored by a resident of Australia and where all the relatives of such a resident are in Australia except that close relative. The Migration Regulations define the remaining relative in R1.15 as a person whose parents, siblings and non dependent children are settled in Australia. Also, if such a person has a partner then the partners parents, siblings and non dependent children are also settled in Australia. Such family visa is provided in two classes, 115 and 835. Close relative is usually over the age of 18 years but in some circumstances, it can be taken as under 18 years. Michelle is Emmas sibling and her husband is dead. She had a 5 year old son in France and other than that she has no relative there. Emma is a citizen of Australia and her parents are in Australia. This qualifies Michelle to apply for a remaining relative visa for Australia. Also, since Michelles son is dependent on her, she can apply for a visa for her son also. The category for her son would remain the same. For Michelle, Emma has to sponsor her application for a family visa under the category of Remaining Relative visa (Subclass 115) offshore. Since Michelle is a native of France and not Australia, the visa under this subsection is applicable for her. Emma would also have to provide such sponsorship for Michelle for a time period of two years. Emma, being a permanent resident of Australian is eligible to sponsor Michelle for a family visa under sub clause 115. And again, since Jason is Emmas husband, even he can sponsor the application of Michelle, as she is his partners sibling, for a contributory parent visa. References Australasian Legal Information Institute, Commonwealth Consolidated Regulations: Migration Regulations 1994- Reg 1.15, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/mr1994227/s1.15.html Australasian Legal Information Institute, Commonwealth Consolidated Regulations: Family Law Act 1975 - Sect 4AA, Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/s4aa.html Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Reaming Relative visa: subclass 115, Australian Government, 2016 https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/115- John Vrachnas et al, Migration and Refugee Law in Australia: Principles and Practice in Australia (Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed, 2012) Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Two year time requirement- property disputes, Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2016 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch21s05s03.php Mary Crock, Immigration and refugee law in Australia (Federation Press, 1998) Migration Angels, 143 Contributory Parent (Permanent) Visa, Migration Angels, 2016 https://www.migrationangels.com/au/family/contributory-parent-visa-permanent/ Mirko Bagaric et al, Migration and Refugee Law in Australia: Cases and Commentary (Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Pregnancy Life Stage Essays - Nutrition, Vitamins, RTT, Biomolecules

Pregnancy Life Stage Does nutrition status affect fertility? Good overall nutrition, rather than eating any specific food, greatly improves your chances of conceiving a child. For women, nutrient deficiencies and low-calorie diets at one extreme, and obesity at the other, can disrupt ovulation. Poor nutrition can also have an impact on male fertility. In order to get pregnant, doctors recommend that both women and men eat healthy, exercise and keep a positive mental attitude to increase chances of fertilization. Eating healthy, exercise and keeping a positive mental attitude are equally important during pregnancy and after pregnancy. According to www.familyinternet.com, "carrying a baby for nine months and then providing it with breast milk afterward is a major nutritional stress on a woman's body. Food intake increases only 15-20%, but requirements for specific nutrients such as folic acid, zinc, and certain B vitamins may increase by 30-100%." In addition, less than optimal nutrition can result in low-birth weight babies with increased risk of heart disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes as adults. (www.childbirth-connections.com). Both over-eating and under-eating can adversely affect the qualities and quantities of breast milk, which is explained further under Dietary Requirements During Pregnancy. During pregnancy, nutrients are passed from mother to fetus through the placenta, and after birth, through breast-milk. The main vitamins and nutrients needed by mother and fetus is explained in the chart below: Nutrient/Vitamin Amount Needed Benefit Source Protein Need for pregnant women is increased by 10 to 15 grams daily (1 glass of milk contains 8 grams of protein). Forms structural basis for all new cells and tissues for both the mother and fetus www.tdh.tx.us (Texas Department of Health) Carbohydrates 50-100 g/daily Prevents ketosis, which, during pregnancy, can cause brain damage to the fetus. www.tdh.tx.us Pregnancy Life Stage Nutrient/Vitamin Amount Needed Benefit Source Folate 400-800 micrograms daily Prevents anemia during pregnancy, may prevent miscarriage, preserves the integrity of genetic material, and lowers risk of neural tube defects like spina-bifuda www.familyinternet.com Calcium 1000-1500 mg/daily Milk production and growing bones www.familyinternet.com Iron 30 mg beginning 12th week of pregnancy Binds oxygen to hemoglobin and prevent iron-deficiency anemia "Nutrition During Pregnancy", National Academy of Sciences Vitamin D Adequate sun exposure, or 10 mg/daily for complete vegetarians and 5 mg/daily for woman who don't eat vitamin D-fortified foods (dairy products) Promotes fetal growth, bone formation, tooth enamel formation and the proper utilization of calcium www.familyinternet.com Vitamin B-6 2-5 mg/day during 1st & 2nd trimester, not to exceed 20 mg/day in the last trimester; higher doses may shut off milk production Manufacture of hormones, hemoglobin, neurotransmitters, many enzymes, and amino acids. www.familyinternet.com Vitamin E 200 IU Decreases risk of premature babies and low-birth weight infants and may lower the risk of miscarriage. www.familyinternet.com Vitamin A Follow the RDA of 2700 IU daily Provides baby with vitamin A reserves and sustains adequate breast-mil concentrations. www.familyinternet.com Zinc 10-30 mg daily is sufficient and considered safe; excessive intake of zinc can lower HDL-cholesterol. Reduces risk of miscarriage, labor complications, neural tube defects and low-birth babies www.familyinternet.com Food plays a major role in promoting a healthy life. However, during the pregnancy cycle, nutrition is of even greater importance because of the effects on both the mother and baby. Many people have said that a pregnant mother is eating for two, which in fact is correct. The mother needs a certain amount of protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, water and fiber in the diet each day. Pregnancy Life Stage One suggested food plan, developed by FamilyWeb.com, suggests that during the first 2 to 3 months of pregnancy, a woman should try eating small amounts frequently throughout the day to keep the energy higher. If the mother only eats larger amounts of food less frequently, she may experience discomfort due to her energy levels reaching highs and lows. The food plan also recommends that the mother eat raw vegetables, fruits, juices, milk, breads and cereals in between meals as a way to keep the metabolic rate and energy steady. Each food group has recommended or suggested serving amounts for a pregnant woman. An outline of the serving amounts for each food group is as follows: The Five Food Groups Suggested Number of Servings Fruits and vegetables 4 or more Milk and dairy products 4 Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dried beans, peas and nuts 3 or more Whole grains, enriched breads and cereals 9 or more Fats and sweets Vary according to calories needed It is very important that, during pregnancy, that the mother eats the suggested amounts from each of the food groups in order to maintain a balanced diet and healthy nutritional intake. The foods in

President Barack Obama and Gun Rights

President Barack Obama and Gun Rights In the run-up to the 2008 presidential election, many gun owners worried about the consequences of victory for Democrat candidate Barack Obama. Given Obama’s record as an Illinois state senator, where he stated his support for an all-out ban on handguns, among other gun control stances, pro-gun advocates were concerned that gun rights might suffer under an Obama presidential administration.   National Rifle Association Executive Director Wayne LaPierre  said prior to the 2008 election that â€Å"never in NRAs history have we faced a presidential candidate - and hundreds of candidates running for other offices - with such a deep-rooted hatred of firearm freedoms.†Ã‚   After Obama’s election, gun sales reached a record pace as gun owners snatched up guns, particularly those that had been branded assault weapons under the defunct 1994 assault weapons ban, out of an apparent fear that Obama would crack down on gun ownership. The Obama presidency, however, had limited impact gun rights. Obama’s Gun Record as State Lawmaker When Obama was running for the Illinois state senate in 1996, the Independent Voters of Illinois, a Chicago-based non-profit, issued a questionnaire asking if candidates supported legislation to â€Å"ban the manufacture, sale, and possession of handguns,† to â€Å"ban assault weapons† and to instate â€Å"mandatory waiting periods and background checks† for gun purchases. Obama answered yes on all three accounts. When that survey came to light during his run for the White House in 2008, Obama’s campaign said that a staffer had filled out the survey and that some of the answers did not represent Obama’s views, â€Å"then or now.† Obama also cosponsored legislation to limit handgun purchases to one per month. He also voted against letting people violate local weapons bans in cases of self-defense and stated his support for the District of Columbia’s handgun ban that was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2008. He also called it a â€Å"scandal† that President George W. Bush did not authorize a renewal of the Assault Weapons Ban. During the 2008 campaign, Obama said that he had â€Å"no intention of taking away folks’ guns,† but added that he would support â€Å"reasonable, thoughtful gun control measures† that respected the Second Amendment while also â€Å"cracking down on the various loopholes that exist.† He expressed his intent, as president, to make sure law enforcement was given access to information that would allow them to trace guns used in crimes back to â€Å"unscrupulous gun dealers.† Obama and Assault Weapons Just weeks after Obama’s inauguration in January 2009, attorney general Eric Holder announced at a press conference that the Obama administration would be seeking a renewal of the expired ban on assault weapons. â€Å"As President Obama indicated during the campaign, there are just a few gun-related changes that we would like to make, and among them would be to reinstitute the ban on the sale of assault weapons,† Holder said. To gun owners wary of increased pressure on gun rights, the announcement seemed to serve as validation of their pre-election fears. But the Obama administration dismissed Holder’s statements. When asked about a renewal of the assault weapon ban, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said: â€Å"the president believes there are other strategies we can take to enforce the laws that are already on the books.† U.S. Rep. Carolyn McCarthy, D-New York, introduced legislation to renew the ban. However, the legislation did not receive an endorsement from Obama.   Ã¢â‚¬ËœCommon Sense’ Gun Control   In the aftermath of a mass shooting in Tucson, Ariz., that wounded U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, Obama renewed his push for â€Å"common sense† measures to tighten gun regulations and close the so-called gun show loophole.   While not specifically calling for new gun control measures, Obama recommended strengthening the National Instant Background Check system in place for gun purchases and rewarding states supplying the best data that would keep guns out of the hands of those the system is meant to weed out. Later, Obama directed the Department of Justice to begin talks about gun control, involving â€Å"all stakeholders† in the issue. The National Rifle Association declined an invitation to join the talks, with LaPierre saying there is little use in sitting down with people who have â€Å"dedicated their lives† to reducing gun rights. As the summer of 2011 ended, however, those talks had not led to recommendations by the Obama administration for new or tougher gun laws. Strengthened Gun Reporting on the Border One of the Obama administration’s few actions on the subject of guns has been to strengthen a 1975 law that requires gun dealers to report the sale of multiple handguns to the same buyer. The heightened regulation, which took effect in August 2011, requires gun dealers in the border states of California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas to report the sale of multiple assault-style rifles, such as AK-47s and AR-15s.   The NRA filed a lawsuit in federal court seeking to block the new regulation from taking effect, calling it a move by the administration to â€Å"pursue their gun control agenda.† Summary of Gun Rights During Obama’s First Term The story through much of his first term in office was a neutral one. Congress did not take up serious consideration of new gun control laws, nor did Obama ask them to. When Republicans regained control of the House of Representatives in the 2010 midterm, chances of far-reaching gun control laws being enacted were essentially squashed. Instead, Obama urged local, state, and federal authorities to stringently enforce existing gun control laws. In fact, the only two major gun-related laws enacted during the Obama administration’s first term actually expand the rights of gun owners. The first of these laws, which took effect in February 2012, allows people to openly carry legally owned guns in national parks. The law replaced a Ronald Reagan era policy that required guns to remain locked in glove compartments or trunks of private vehicles that enter national parks. In addressing this law, Obama surprised his pro-gun right critics when he wrote, â€Å"In this country, we have a strong tradition of gun ownership thats handed from generation to generation. Hunting and shooting are part of our national heritage. And, in fact, my administration has not curtailed the rights of gun owners - it has expanded them, including allowing people to carry their guns in national parks and wildlife refuges.† The other law allows Amtrak passengers to carry guns in checked baggage; a reversal of a measure put in place by President George W. Bush in response to the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Obama’s two nominations to the U.S. Supreme Court, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan were considered likely to rule against gun owners on issues involving the Second Amendment. However, the appointees did not shift the balance of power on the court. The new justices replaced David H. Souter and John Paul Stevens, two justices who had consistently voted against an expansion of gun rights, including the monumental Heller decision in 2008 and McDonald decision in 2010. Earlier in his first term, Obama had expressed his express support for the Second Amendment. â€Å"If you’ve got a rifle, you’ve got a shotgun, you’ve got a gun in your house, I’m not taking it away. Alright?† he said. Gun Rights During Obama’s Second Term On January 16, 2013 - just two months after 26 people were killed in a mass shooting at Sandy Hook elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut - President Obama kicked off his second term by promising an â€Å"overhaul† of gun laws to end what he called the nation’s â€Å"epidemic† of gun violence However, the legislation to overhaul gun control failed on April 17, 2013, when the Republican-controlled Senate rejected a measure banning assault-style weapons and expanding gun-buyer background checks. In January 2016, President Obama began his final year in office by going around the gridlocked Congress by issuing a set of executive orders intended to reduce gun violence. According to a White House Fact Sheet, the measures aimed to improve background checks on gun buyers, increase community safety, provide additional federal funding for mental health treatment, and advance the development of â€Å"smart gun† technology. Obama’s Gun Rights Legacy During his eight years in office, President Barack Obama had to deal with more mass shootings than any of his predecessors, speaking to the nation on the subject of gun violence at least 14 times. In each address, Obama offered sympathy for the loved ones of the deceased victims and repeated his frustration with the Republican-controlled Congress to pass stronger gun control legislation. After each address, gun sales soared. In the end, however, Obama made little progress in advancing his â€Å"common-sense gun laws† at the federal government level - a fact he would later call one of the biggest regrets of his time as president. In 2015, Obama told the BBC that his inability to pass gun laws had been â€Å"the one area where I feel that Ive been most frustrated and most stymied. Updated by Robert Longley

Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing Dissertation

Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing - Dissertation Example Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing The literature suggests that there are many traits that go into forming an effective leader. As an example, Boumans and Landerweerd (1993) suggest that leaders must have "clinical knowledge, people orientation, communication skills, reality orientation, the ability to identify problems and to delegate responsibility" (p. 768). These skills were stated to be those that made a positive impact on the nurses that were supervised. Most leadership styles have their base in social leadership if the nurse is effective. Boumans and Landerweerd found in their study that when social leadership was presented, the nurses under their leadership felt that their job had meaning and they felt increased job satisfaction. Also, the social leadership style promotes more positive health and well being than a style that is more dictatorial or direct. Sellgren, Ekvall, and Tomson (2006) state that nursing leadership styles are more involved with the characteristics that leaders have rather than having a sp ecific style. There are preferred traits that are more important as well. In their style, communication was the highest ranking trait that a leader ship exhibit. This goes along with what Boumans and Landerweerd found. Therefore, communication is one of the most important aspects of a nurse's leadership style. There should also be a way to communicate the leader's needs in specific ways that are understandable to their subordinates. This will bring about a happier group of nurses on the ward. (Sellgren, Ekvall, and Tomson, 2006). Kenmore (2008) found that the styles that most nurses used were either affiliative or coaching. Affiliative leaders work well when everything is running smoothly and when staff is highly motivated. The afffiliative style creates harmony and the style also works well when teams need to be healed or when staff needs motivating. When a leader has a more coaching orientation to leadership, they are more interested in improving staff's professional development

Ethnic minorities in USA and UK jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Ethnic minorities in USA and UK jail - Essay Example In the contemporary era, it has been evident that there are about two adults in Jail for every Afro-Caribbean male. This ratio is clearly observable in the prisons of United States of America. Several scholarly reports signify that the prisons of United Kingdom have higher ratio of black prisoners as compared to the white population. Around 27 percent of the prison population in Wales and England identify themselves as belonging from ethic minority groups. The black convicts of UK and USA are five times higher than that of the white convicts. The police and the judicial system of USA and UK constitute maximum officials from the major group of the society i.e. the white population. Therefore, the jurisdiction system of UK and USA are criticized by many civil societies across the world. There are mainly three broad explanations that have been brought forward in the favour of the possibility for higher number of minority prisoners in UK and USA. First of all, disproportionate criminality can be a reason. The persons belonging from different ethnicities and minority groups have higher tendency to commit crimes. Secondly, the jurisdiction, detection of crimes and prosecution are more likely to be charged against the minority groups under the light of limited evidences. Thirdly, disproportionate conviction can be a major reason behind sentencing minority group prisoners for longer imprisonment. It is important to note that the relationship between criminality and race is perplexing. Several debates and critics have surrounded the jurisdiction system of UK and USA with respect to fair treatment with the respective populations. This essay highlights the important factors that have over-represented ethnic minorities in USA and UK prisons. The proportion of black people in prison in United States is lower compared to England and Wales. Politicians and experts have stated that

Corporate Social Responsibilty (csr) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate Social Responsibilty (csr) - Essay Example Instead of these hiccups its business as usual for the companies and Chinese government because of the foreign exchange revenue. Since the citizens didn't come under the stakeholders list companies ignored their protests. CSR should always be a part of corporate strategies that shows social responsibilities are as important as profit maximisation. Practically implementing the above-mentioned tasks are very difficult. The destruction of human rights by both the parties can be complained to the UN that takes some time. The Chinese government can only be requested because it's their internal matter and can only be forced to stop by developed countries like US and Japan or UN. The only approach can be through UN and make the Chinese government realise that production should be done within best interests of their citizens and should impose restrictions that companies like Shell employ CSR activities effectively in the Niger Delta. Stevina U. Evuleocha. Managing indigenous relations Corporate social responsibility and corporate communication in a new age of activism. Retrieved Feb. 13 from: . (2005).